El-Sisi blocked the currency float while politically exposed in 2023, then implemented it in 2024 after securing unprecedented external financing. Domestic institutions offered little resistance, while the IMF repeatedly accommodated…
Tinubu implemented a comprehensive exchange-rate liberalisation that previous administrations had avoided, restoring macroeconomic credibility but failing to improve living standards. Tinubu's float rebuilt reserves and eased inflation; however, the transition…
Pashinyan is diversifying Armenia’s foreign relations, but structural dependence on Russia constrains how far that diversification can go. Pashinyan's Real Armenia doctrine grounds his foreign policy reorientation in a broader…